What Is a Sample Causal Analysis Essay

What Is a Sample Causal Analysis Essay?Sample causal investigation article presents essential and direct realities, information and diagrams to depict, or to introduce the causal relationship among a few or all the factors in a specific arrangement of information. The utilization of causal clarification recorded as a hard copy an example causal investigation proposition helps in introducing your points of view or issues in the easiest manner and therefore empowers comprehension and arrangement. You can likewise utilize this data in expositions and other scholarly materials to help you in your scholastic composition. In this manner, figuring out how to investigate, use and refer to prove is significant and vital in each scholarly effort.Having information and involvement with composing a causal examination implies that you can advance your thoughts and contemplations in a fascinating manner. It is a piece of the degree level keeping in touch with you will attempt in the wake of finish ing your course work.As an undergrad understudy, an example causal investigation is an unquestionable requirement. Knowing the parts of an example causal investigation will help you in your scholastic attempts to concoct innovative answers for scholarly issues and you will be better prepared for composing the proposal. Composing a postulation is required and a decent method to start is by examining an example proposition, which comprises of raw numbers from a given circumstances and logical results relationship.With this sort of speculation articulation, you can dissect the components answerable for a particular outcome, a circumstances and logical results relationship. The reason for this causal examination can be a condition of a particular arrangement of factors and the known connection between them. You can additionally investigate by looking at the effect of every factor on the others. To do this, you should know the impacts of the factors and how they could impact the result o f the research.To start, you should comprehend the contrasts among Cause and Effect. A reason is an impact and is the underlying activity, while an impact is an outcome. In your causal examination, you should show how the factors influence each other to show up at a particular outcome. When you have done this, you should dissect whether the factors are really adding to the basic impact or not. So as to do this, you need to comprehend the job of every factor and how it can decide the result of the investigation. A run of the mill and unsurprising result may have two impacts, one would be the specific reason and the other one would be the impact of the other variable.So, in the event that you are as yet befuddled or don't have the foggiest idea what this kind of causal examination involves, you can become familiar with it and all the more significantly how to do it in the course prospectus. Continuously attempt to utilize great, credible sources when doing research and in your explora tion materials, with the goal that you can stay away from copyright infringement and other potential issues later on.

College Essay Examples - Common Types Of Essays

<h1>College Essay Examples - Common Types Of Essays</h1><p>People with AP Human Geography paper close by will be considering what sort of article guides to search for. While the thoughts in the AP Human Geography paper will be different, there are as yet a couple of general sorts of papers that will undoubtedly apply to numerous undergrads who have this kind of paper to review. These are assembled by segment and the regular sorts are those ordinarily utilized in high school.</p><p></p><p>This is the most widely recognized sort of paper for AP Human Geography understudies. The subject will be one that isn't just applicable to the paper, yet in addition very troublesome. It will for the most part examine how the present condition of society has affected the individuals of the past. Points remember diverse financial periods for American history, for example, the Depression and the Great Depression, and furthermore those periods in American histo ry that have been especially prominent as far as how they influenced society.</p><p></p><p>Both the Industrial Revolution and the Industrial Age have majorly affected the American culture. The two times checked significant changes to the nation, and both of these periods have effectsly affected society. These points will be talked about, just as the country's present and future.</p><p></p><p>Not all universities require this paper to be submitted electronically. Understudies ought to know that not all schools require a computerized duplicate of the paper to be submitted in printed copy. This is something to remember when composing an essay.</p><p></p><p>The subjects of these papers are very wide, since understudies are regularly hoping to communicate their conclusions about world occasions and the activities taken by the legislature. They are less worried about the genuine laws set up, rather they need to offer their input about the things being done in specific zones of the nation. Different subjects that they may cover incorporate different parts of the United States that incorporate the typical cost for basic items, different points identifying with national security, and even issues identifying with common rights.</p><p></p><p>Many papers will likewise incorporate inquiries to take the peruser through. Understudies ought to comprehend the motivation behind this sort of paper and ensure that they have a decent handle of what the other exposition tests are requesting. Inquiries to be addressed may incorporate an examination of the composing style, regardless of whether the understudy is OK with imparting their musings through composition, and an inquiry concerning the pertinence of the information being utilized in the essay.</p><p></p><p>There are various kinds of exposition tests that will be utilized in school. Understudies need to reali ze what they are searching for before rounding out any paper. Having a thought of the sort of article tests that will be generally fitting for every particular kind of exposition will enable the understudy to get started.</p><p></p><p>There are a wide range of papers that are accessible for undergrads to utilize. As understudies become familiar with these examples, they will see that there are such huge numbers of various alternatives for them to pick from.</p>

Gender Income Gap - 2396 Words

Gender Income Gap Diane Smith ENG 122 English Composition II Instructor Stephanie Derisi August 30, 2014 Gender Income Gap In American society today there is an imbalance in the gender income gap between men and women in the work force. Many factors such as discrimination, productivity, educational background and disproportional hours worked contribute to this ongoing challenge. While many are skeptical, others remain to have strong beliefs that women and men are treated equally. In most professions according to Glynn â€Å"women only earn seventy seven cents for every dollar earned by men† (2014). Although, the seventy seven cents figure does not accurately reflect gender discrimination, it does capture some discrimination,†¦show more content†¦Moreover, evaluators are more prone to assess groups of people rather than as individuals, basing their decisions on group stereotypes instead of individual past performances on a job, skills and abilities. Goldin research suggests that â€Å"some would claim that earnings differences for the same position are due to actual disc rimination† (Goldin, 2014). According to Hayes, a bias still exists as there is not a state of the union that pays women the same wage as men, dollar for dollar (2012). Undeniably, discrimination can have a significant impact on females as employers base their decisions on irrelevant information, placing women in groups instead of evaluating them through past job experiences, educational background, credentials and their ability to perform the tasks required. Discrimination based on appearances and characteristics rather than their ability is detrimental to a woman’s potential to perform the same job functions as a men. Women can be mentally, emotionally and physically affected by this type of gender discrimination. Women can develop depression, suffer from malnutrition as they may stop eating and suffer from the anxieties of pursuing meaningful employment, thus, preventing them from seeking and obtaining career-oriented and higher paying occupations. Other issues that women face is productivity in the workplace paired with long hours worked, as this fluctuates greatly between women and men. The Civil Rights Act of 1964, makesShow MoreRelatedThe Gap Of Gender Income Gap886 Words   |  4 Pagesmany people are now bringing up a pay gap between genders, there is something being over looked that proves there isn’t a pay gap, but something else. The Gender Income Gap is a supposed payment gap between men and women, stating that to every man’s dollar a woman only gets payed seventy cents. Statements like theses can grab people’s attention and get them to believe this without much proof of it actually existing. Most people get there information about the gap from surveys over all women and menRead MoreEffect of Gender Inequality on Economic Status1324 Words   |  5 Pagestheir empowerment has always been one of controversy. Even though the United States and many other countries have made great strides in gender equality, men and women are still not equal. Although this problem is beginning to disappear in many countries, it was once much more significant. The United States, a country with one of the world’s smallest gender gaps, used to be one of its worst offenders. Prior to World War 2, women were rarely seen in the workforce with minor exceptions. As a resultRead MoreThe Way Lgbtq Status, Disabilities, And Gender Affect Development1334 Words   |  6 PagesIn this essay, I will be looking at the way LGBTQ status, Disabilities, and Gender affect development. Depending on the culture there can be many ways in which development is affected. Each culture’s view on the previously mentioned areas will determine what happens next. Keep in mind the ways different cultures view these things will have an impact on SES, Education opportunities, and access to Medical care and these can all further impact general health and development at any stage of life.Read MoreRole Of Women And Women s Empowerm ent1093 Words   |  5 Pagesidentify an economic status of women’s economic, educational and empowerment status. I. INTRODUCTION Woman empowerment itself elaborate that social rights, political rights, economic stability, strength and all other rights should be equal for both gender. There should be no discrimination between man and women. Swami Vivekananda, one of the greatest sons of India, quoted that â€Å"There is no chance for the welfare of the world unless the condition of the woman is improved. it is not possible for a birdRead MoreFinland Is The First Country That I Will Talk About2757 Words   |  12 Pagesis estimated to be about 5.5 million people. (Gobal Gender,2016) Finland is in the top 10 and is ranked number two out of 144 countries for overall gender equality in 2016 according to the Global Gender Gap Index. â€Å"The Global Gender Index was first introduced by the World Economic Forum in 2006 as a framework for capturing the magnitude of gender-based disparities and tracking their progress over time. The index Benchmarks national gender gaps on economic, education, health and political criteriaRead MoreGender Wage Gap Between Women And Women1483 Words   |  6 PagesThe gender wage gap is the difference in men and women’s annual salaries and can be found in every kind of job at all times. The gap stems from prejudice against women workers, resulting in women receiving less pay than men do for the same work. As of 1999, women make up sixty percent of the workforce and are the main income provider for four of every ten families. Yet, in 2015, the median annual income for women was $40,742 and $51,212 for men. That is eighty percent of what men are earning, orRead MoreWhy The Gender Pay Gap Essay1692 Words   |  7 Pagesqualitative analysis on why the gender pay gap exists in Canada by researching, studying, analyzing, and interpreting over 39 different sources of Canadian micro data and finds that the gender pay gap has decreased over the years but still persists even in younger generations, less than a third of the pay gap can be explained through females over-occupying lower sector jobs, women placing a larger emphasize on non- monetary related aspects of a job, women experiencing an income penalty when raisingRead MoreInequality Between Men And Women1472 Words   |  6 Pagestaking care of the children, cooking, and cleaning the house. Until 1920 when women were finally allowed to vote, gender inequality was very apparent. More recently, gender inequality presents itself in the form of gender wage gaps. Although some argue women get paid the same wages as men, there are enormous amounts of evidence that proves this wage gap is definitely still present. The wage gap is noticeable to many, however, pin pointing the causes and solving them are not as easy as some might thinkRead MoreGender Inequality And Gender Equality Essay1540 Words   |  7 Pagesmyth about gender equality. It isn t a reality yet. Today, women make up half of the U.S. workforce, but the average working woman earns only seventy-seven percent of what the average working man makes. But unless women and men both say this is unacceptable, th ings will not change† stated Grammy Award winner, Beyoncà © (Knowles-Carter 34). Although in the twenty-first century, women are still fighting for equality to simply be paid the same amount as men. The main causes of this gender inequalityRead MoreThe Impact Of Female Incomes On The Workplace1405 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: For decades, a typical female’s income in Canada has been a fraction of their male counterpart. This social issue affects all females globally, despite occupation and education. Although the distance is becoming smaller between genders, Canada’s gap is greater than the national average. Many theories that attempt to explain the differences in female wages, however, these theories do not fully account for the income differences women experience. With the relationship of monetary

College Essay for Your Younger Self

School Essay for Your Younger SelfHave you composed a school paper for your more youthful self? It very well may be anything but difficult to recollect your past and make a rundown of the considerable number of things that you wish you could change about yourself, however as opposed to agonizing over how you will 'fool' your more seasoned self, consider what your more youthful self would have thought was splendid and exciting.The purpose of a school article is to compose something that is pleasant to peruse, and in the event that you can decide to expound on something in your more youthful years that was not all that energizing, you will compose the sort of paper that numerous individuals will love and prescribe to other people. You might be astounded by what you find.For model, the last school article I composed was tied in with being in a school play, and I figured out how to think of certain thoughts regarding what it resembled to get give a role as a grown-up in a play. It is an encounter that I never need to rehash, and one that I would prefer not to be in a similar circumstance as when I was youthful. I figure you will make the most of my thoughts as a method of expounding on my school understanding, not similarly as an impression of what I wish my life had been like.There is one thing that I was destined to do that I have done a great deal of recently, and that is to travel and see the world. Once in a while, as we get more seasoned, we lose our feeling of experience, and it isn't generally a terrible thing to back off and take things simple. There is nothing amiss with taking possibly 14 days off from school to unwind. However, I likewise need to feel the adventure of seeing the world, particularly as a youthful grown-up, and I need to expound on what it resembles to go on those trips.In request to expound on this, I thought of a paper that would be intriguing for a youngster to peruse. It happens in my own old neighborhood, and I had a great time when I went there just because as a youthful grown-up. I didn't know anybody specifically, and I was eager to meet individuals I didn't know until years later.There are heaps of approaches to find out about your recollections, however most likely the most ideal path is to attempt to record what you truly feel when you are doing one of these things. It very well may be hard to recall what you feel when you are accomplishing something, yet it is imperative to do it in any case. You can overlook what you feel, however on the off chance that you record your sentiments about an outing, or what you felt when you previously moved to another state, or your opinion of when you think about your more youthful self, it will assist you with remembering the things that issue most.When you expound on your more youthful self in a school exposition, you may likewise need to consider what you wish your folks had let you know, or what they ought to have let you know, rather than what they did. You should h elp yourself to remember all the great things you needed to do in your more youthful years, however didn't have the opportunity to in light of the fact that you were caught up with accomplishing progressively significant things.Instead of stressing over what you 'could have been,' center around what you are and the things that you have for a long while been itching to be. At the point when you expound on your more youthful self, you will have the option to catch the quintessence of what satisfies you, while simultaneously recalling all the things that you wished you had done when you were more youthful.

Sample of Long Essay Topics in MLA Style

Sample of Long Essay Topics in MLA StyleA sample of long essay topics in MLA style is perhaps the most suitable method to identify essay topics that suit your writing style. When you examine the kind of subjects offered by some educational institutes, you can be assured that your essay would be written according to the standard that is required for a student. So you can check out these topics and then create your own samples of long essay topics in MLA style:In this article, we will look at a sample of long essay topics in MLA style for Arts and Humanities major. All the topics that are found in online sources should not be followed blindly because the list of topics varies from institute to institute. Nonetheless, some samples of long essay topics in MLA style are given below:Arts and Humanities: Most of the literature courses deal with education topic. These include teaching course in English language, humanities subjects like Art History, Theatre, Music, Psychology, Philosophy, et c. When it comes to these topics, you should look for a long essay topic that will be useful for your research paper.Personal Identity and Values: For an essay about your personal identity and values, you should consider essay topics related to your marriage, divorce or date of birth, wedding etc. It is possible that the topic may include the dates of births and marriages. Therefore, you should choose a topic that you have a personal relationship with.Scientific Research: If you want to write a scientific research essay on this topic, you should start with a relevant topic on which you have a particular affiliation. One of the most common formats for these topics is genealogy, wildlife, biology etc. However, there are more topics that you can choose for a scientific research essay like molecular biology, zoology, etc.Role of Art and Culture: For this, you should find a topic that has some historical relevance like art and culture. There are various topics for this topic like art in Victorian Britain, art in Early American or art in Renaissance Italy. You can look for a topic like Art in Medieval Britain or Art in Renaissance Italy. In any case, the content of this topic should be something that can explain what art is and how it affects your life.Personal Health: You should also consider essay topics that would help you relate your life with your health. This is an important topic because you should be able to help someone who is in need of your medical knowledge. Topics that would help you relate your life with your health include topics like nursing, anatomy, physiology, etc.When you have a topic, you should be able to tell the purpose of writing the essay topics. It is very important to find a topic that will be helpful for your research paper. For some topics, you will need to find one that will also be interesting for the readers of your research paper.

Informal Essay Can Be Fun for Everyone

<h1> Informal Essay Can Be Fun for Everyone </h1> <h2> Informal Essay - What Is It? </h2> <p>On the opposite concerning a proper article then it must be written in an appropriate arrangement and its point should be picked cautiously to manage a significant issue. Notice the extremely away from of the proposal, the solid delineations inside the body of the article, and how the decision adds to an increasingly broad proclamation of what's maybe to come later on. The choice of thoroughly analyze paper themes is certifiably not a straightforward errand since you need to exhibit your diagnostic aptitudes. Recall your last grade essentially is dependent upon the point. </p> <p>Fighting a standard reason may bring about fellowships framing. On the off chance that you accept you have poor composing aptitudes and you don't totally have a clue how to form a casual paper there's definitely no compelling reason to freeze. At the point when you create a social issue paper, it is urgent to exhibit your private perspective on the issue. Essentially, in the event that you might want to see how to create a casual paper, or if nothing else, structure it, the reaction is the design you want. </p> <p>Therefore, composing a casual exposition gets hard to a ton of understudies since they are acquainted with formal composition. Among the unmistakable highlights of casual composing is the manner by which the essayist talks directly to their perusers. In many examples, an essayist talks about different thoughts in the arrangement of composing. Doing as such, he may confer something that astonishes their perusers. </p> <p>If your exposition is perplexing and is dubious to dismember, it's a disappointment. Basically, educational exposition is tied in with clarifying a subject with astonishing point of interest. Pick a fascinating exposition point, and you're going to begin getting a charge out of it. Picking great educational article themes is straightforward on the off chance that you see how to approach doing it. </p> <p>It is conceivable to likewise gain proficiency with the manner in which your article should look. At the point when you don't see how to form a casual paper, you wish to gain from the absolute best. As contrasted and other scholarly papers, you don't need to create your casual exposition in an extremely formal manner. You must form an enlightening paper. </p> <h2> Informal Essay - Is it a Scam? </h2> <p>Your article may consolidate the components for youngster pregnancy and discussion about the ongoing paces of adolescent pregnancy and potential arrangements. Moreover, you should not disregard to communicate your private assessment about the investigated issue. On the off chance that you experience proficient terms that may bolster you in depicting your point further, don't spare a moment to utilize them. At the point when you discover increasingly about the subject well, you comprehend that you will get all the subtleties that are basic and without a ny problem. </p> <p>At precisely the same time, casual articles join a sentiment of funniness, fascinating realities and other comparable highlights of basic intrigue. You may feel that intriguing exposition titles do the entirety of the work, allowing you to include clear models and offer conventional thoughts. There are numerous themes promptly accessible today which structure a brilliant establishment for the forthcoming enlightening paper. Your concept of a perfect date A best itinerary item for your family The most entrancing food you've attempted so far Struggling with precarious article themes can at times wind up being a genuine cerebral pain for specific understudies. </p> <p>Informal composing requests inventive methodology related to exceptional composing capacities. Casual papers don't have an activity with completely free composition. It is difficult to state a casual paper must be arranged with a certain goal in mind or style. An official paper is typically written in an unmistakable style and organized with a particular goal in mind. </p>

How to Write Your College Essay on Essay Games

<h1>How to Write Your College Essay on Essay Games</h1><p>Taking a University of Missouri composing instructional exercise is going to cost you cash. In any case, you can expect the advantage of a degree recorded as a hard copy without costly training. What should I compose my school exposition about test is extremely only a methods for having a normalized paper that you need to round out and submit, yet it very well may be something else in the event that you can discover an opportunity to put everything together.</p><p></p><p>One of the most significant things to recall when you are taking school articles is that you have to figure out how to structure your work. It might appear the most essential ability recorded as a hard copy, however the first occasion when you compose a section, you can basically tell in the event that you are taking care of business or not.</p><p></p><p>Since your objective will be to move on f rom school with a degree recorded as a hard copy, you need to build up a general arrangement for every task. In the event that you are stuck on a thought, separate it into its least difficult structure and begin chipping away at it piece by piece.</p><p></p><p>From there, when you have a basic piece composed, you will find that it will be simpler to structure an entire exposition around. You can take a gander at this as an activity in building your own composing abilities, yet it is additionally a decent method to get settled with the order of assembling your thoughts. Composing is probably the most ideal approaches to learn.</p><p></p><p>When you are taking composing exercises for school articles, you can expect that a course in this subject is going to concentrate vigorously on designing and substance. You might be content with the information that you as of now have, yet a course recorded as a hard copy will permit you to rehearse w hat you realize in a simpler manner. With a basic inquiry on the test, you can pick an inquiry that expects you to compose a long passage and transform it into a little lump of essay.</p><p></p><p>Just like with any course recorded as a hard copy, when you are taking composing exercises for school papers, you ought to consistently have a note pad in your homeroom. This is with the goal that you can make notes while your educator is talking. This is particularly useful in class when you are perusing an appointed paper and you understand that your educator is placing a lot of data into your article without giving you enough to keep your musings moving forward.</p><p></p><p>Writing a semester course for composing school expositions should be possible in little pieces. When you figure out how to sort out your musings, you can transform your little papers into something somewhat bigger. Simply be certain that you can keep rehearsing your co mposing aptitudes when you are taking this course in light of the fact that, toward the finish of the semester, you should return to the planning phase and compose a semester of essays.</p><p></p><p>Remember that taking a composing course for school expositions is a savvy venture of your time. Since it is a significant ability, you will need to put resources into it on the off chance that you need to move on from school with a degree recorded as a hard copy. Recollect that you will get familiar with the nuts and bolts and develop with training so the conclusive outcome is as excellent as you envision it to be.</p>

Essay Topics on Religious Extremism

<h1>Essay Topics on Religious Extremism</h1><p>The term 'strict radicalism' can be found in a wide range of regions. It can allude to a specific conviction framework or gathering of individuals. It can allude to any activity that an individual may take or cease from taking.</p><p></p><p>To start, think about the meaning of a radical. This individual accepts, or is known to have convictions, that are very not quite the same as the convictions of others. As far as religion, this can be a Muslim radical, or a fundamentalist Christian. In the realm of business, it could be a fundamentalist who bolsters capitalism.</p><p></p><p>Extremists are otherwise called radical pioneers. I don't get this' meaning? For a few, it implies that a gathering or individual is accepted to have the right convictions, and is eager to act as per those convictions regardless of whether it might be to the detriment of their own beliefs.</p>& lt;p></p><p>On the other hand, a moderate fanatic might be somewhat less outrageous. They are the ones who hold moderate convictions and won't have the convictions of different gatherings to denounce or assault. They are likewise viewed as more typical than extremists.</p><p></p><p>All of these meanings of a radical ought to be considered with regards to composing an article theme on strict fanaticism. These subjects will help you in making an increasingly adjusted exposition theme. By thinking about all sides of an issue, you can make a subject that is clear and succinct without becoming mixed up in the process.</p><p></p><p>In most cases, an exposition point that talks about fanaticism from a strict perspective will go this way: 'To state that 'religion' is inalienably a radical is off base. In any case, a few types of religion are naturally radical.' The exposition should then investigate how every one of the religion s can be viewed as a fanatic. For instance, if a gathering of individuals are following a specific religion, they might be utilizing religion as an approach to legitimize slaughtering others or deny them the privilege to worship.</p><p></p><p>In short, when composing your exposition on fanaticism, utilize a meaning of the word radical that permits you to investigate the subject in a careful way. On the off chance that you decide to concentrate just on the negative parts of radicalism, you will find that the point turns out to be considerably less intriguing. Rather, feature the positive parts of this belief system. This will assist you with making a superior article point that interests to the school perusers you are targeting.</p>

Dance For Research Paper Topics

<h1>Dance For Research Paper Topics</h1><p>Using move as another option or a backup to inquire about paper themes can be an extremely successful approach to address your issues for a fascinating exploration paper. Since such a significant number of understudies are utilizing move in their training and are seeking after a vocation in move, the capacity to lead an examination paper regarding the matter is one that more understudies are looking into.</p><p></p><p>If you are keen on how you can utilize move as a choice to investigate paper subjects, you will need to adhere to the directions beneath for data and assets. A fun and energizing approach to begin in this procedure is to take a move class that is identified with the subject of your exploration paper.</p><p></p><p>This will be an extraordinary method to have a closer association with the material you will cover. Regardless of whether you do a composed or video sem inar on a point that intrigues you, odds are that a class like this will have some move schedules. As you build up a superior comprehension of the fundamental advances, it will turn out to be anything but difficult to play out the means and expound on the material as well.</p><p></p><p>With the job of move in our general public being enormously expanding, you can likewise utilize the learning condition of a move class to examine paper points for your own exploration. Regardless of whether you don't anticipate examining the branch of knowledge, a gathering of understudies who are keen on the theme will most likely go along with you to show signs of improvement comprehension of the move itself. While you would not have any desire to enlist every one of them, you can be certain that some will be keen on your work and consider you to be an expert that is keen on what they are doing.</p><p></p><p>Not just will this way to deal with inquire about paper points help to draw a ton important to your work, it will likewise give you an incredible method to make associations with others while they are doing research. As understudies accumulate, they will regularly carry a kindred understudy to partake in the class also. The more individuals you remember for your examination, the more reach you will have with different understudies who are doing research.</p><p></p><p>It is critical to take note of that there is a distinction between a decent research paper points for a move class and a decent research paper subjects for a moving class. You should see how much information you have to get request to do well with both, as you should have a decent handle of the material you are researching.</p><p></p><p>Learning how to utilize move as a choice to look into paper subjects can be a pleasant encounter. With the correct direction, you can investigate the field of study yourself and afte rward line up on the next year with your own work. Make certain to talk with your teacher before taking any classes to guarantee you are taking advantage of your move lessons.</p>

Chapter 7. 7.1 What Is Deviance. Deviance †Behavior That

Chapter 7 7.1 What is Deviance? Deviance – behavior that departs from societal or group norms Crime – an action or omission that constitutes an offense that may be prosecuted by the state and is punishable by law Social Control – consists of the forces and processes that encourage conformity, including: self control, informal and formal control Criminal Justice System – the organizations - police, courts, and prison officials - that respond to alleged violations of the law The Biological Context †¢ Genetic research seeks possible links between biology and crime. †¢ No physical traits distinguish criminals from noncriminals. †¢ Current research puts greater emphasis on social influences. Personality Factors †¢ Some personality traits are†¦show more content†¦Strain Theory – Modes of Adaptation – how individuals adapt to the strain of not having access to scarce resources such as money, education, talent, ability, etc. Merton says we don’t all have the same opportunities in life The table on page 203 combines a person’s view of cultural goals and the conventional means to obtain them. It allowed Robert Merton to identify various types of deviance. Conformity – accept the means and the goal Innovation – Accepts culturally approved goals and achieves them through a disapproved way Ritualism – Abandon s society’s goals but lives by society’s ways Retreatism – Abandon s approved goals and the means to achieve them Rebellion – deviant adaptive behavior that is a result of rejecting the goal and the means but substituting new goals and means Deviant Subcultures- Deviance or conformity arises from the relative opportunity structure that frames a person’s life. Subcultures are characterized by: 1. Trouble 2. Toughness 3. Smartness 4. A Need for Excitement 5. A Belief in Fate 6. A desire for freedom 7.3 Defining Deviance: Symbolic-Interaction Theories Labeling Theory – is concerned with the process by which labels, such as deviant, come to be attached to specific people with specific behaviors Primary deviance – impulsive act SecondaryShow MoreRelatedSociology2087 Words   |  9 Pages1 Midterm 3/11/11 Chapter 01 #005 If a problem is defined as personal, _______ are employed to cope with the problem. Student Response Value Correct Answer Feedback A. Individual strategies 100% B. Collective strategies C. Societal strategies D. Professional strategies Score: 2/2 2. Chapter 01 #004 What famous sociologist referred to social problems as the public issues of social structure? Student Response Value Correct Answer Feedback A. RobertRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesmymanagementlab is an online assessment and preparation solution for courses in Principles of Management, Human Resources, Strategy, and Organizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Read MoreOcd - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment131367 Words   |  526 Pagesby any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher. Printed in the United States of America This book is printed on acid-free paper. Last digit is print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 LIMITED PHOTOCOPY LICENSE The Publisher grants to individual purchasers of this book nonassignable permission to reproduce the appendices of this book. This license is limited to you, the individual purchaser, for use with your own clients andRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesPerspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work that today qualify as constituting the subjectRead MoreProject Management Infomaton System48477 Words   |  194 Pages........ 44 4. 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Strategic and marketing analysis 2 Marketing auditing and the analysis of capability 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Learning objectives Introduction

Health Care Management Research Paper Topics - What Is It?

<h1> Health Care Management Research Paper Topics - What Is It? </h1> <p>Formatting an exploration paper is certifiably not a straightforward errand. At long last, an audit of the complete research alongside definite decisions, sentiments, and remarks must be remembered for the state of recommendations for development. The exploration method makes a series of strides as recorded underneath. Try not to be terrified to lead an extensive research. </p> <p>Therefore, it's an extraordinary possiblity to convey a nitty gritty research paper demonstrating your point. The most huge thing, by and by, is to pick a cool or captivating theme for the administration paper. Try not to be hesitant to tap the request in the event that you will require just the absolute best research paper. There's notable that you won't can create a predominant clever research paper in case you're not intrigued by the subject by and large and in this issue especially. </p> <p>You need to compose a minumum of one research paper in a semester for the vast majority of the subjects. So considering business can be unfathomably fascinating, in light of the fact that you may pick truly anything and gain a business inquire about paper of it. Numerous understudies don't comprehend the straightforward research paper position. </p> <p>The level of wellbeing among the populace is a generous factor foreordaining the development of the full country. All things considered, since there are numerous recommendations to improve one's wellbeing, not all them are verified appropriately. Maybe there's a particular medical problem that intrigues you and that brought you to go into the professionfor that you are considering. In this way, the two understudies of clinical consideration programs together with understudies of some other claim to fame may have an assignment to form an exposition on wellbeing theme. </p> <p>In the occasion the underlyi ng consideration gave isn't effective a medical caretaker must think about an alternate strategy. The clinical consideration industry is brimming with conceivable outcomes to upgrade the standard of lives through clinical progressions. Now and again, medicinal services suppliers need to share mental and conduct wellbeing data to support tolerant treatment and to ensure the wellbeing and security of the individual or others. Regardless of your age or wellness level, you're in the end liable to need the help of someone inside the social insurance showcase. </p> <h2>Key Pieces of Health Care Management Research Paper Topics </h2> <p>Performance the board is tied in with monitoring the exhibition levels of laborers. Consequently you can assess the gauge of their works and comprehend what things to envision. The best methods for deciding a business' notoriety is by taking a gander at what their previous client needs to state with respect to their master administra tions. Our capable scholarly essayists have a ton of long stretches of ability. </p> <h2> The Start of Health Care Management Research Paper Topics</h2> <p>If you like science, you're ensured to talk constant about it. It's practically difficult to give significant subjects in only 1 go, or in 1 article without a long elaboration. Finding a perfect research point may be hard now and again. Continue perusing to find out about the most notable themes in 2013. </p> <p>You must pick your subject cautiously and channel the entirety of the disconnected data. There are events when you're appointed with the subject however more every now and again, you'll have to make a point all alone. Separate of this issue and key terms can be extremely useful for the understudies. The absolute best point would be the one which is intriguing for you and which you will be in a situation to direct a beneficial research on. </p> <h2> If You Read Nothing Else Today, Read This Report on Health Care Management Research Paper Topics </h2> <p>Maybe you by and by have a summed up thought of what things to write in your brain, and the accompanying will let you focus on some particular idea or maybe change your decision. The subject you select should pull in the peruser's consideration, and legitimacy focuses for you to get a high evaluation for your composing abilities. As a best approach for a fascinating theme, which will show your best gift s, you should continue perusing. Others likewise come up short on the appropriate language and composing aptitudes that could permit them to make the perfect substance. </p> <p>So on the off chance that you're stalling out with your examination paper assignments, at that point be certain which you are taking the benefits of totally free subjects to help from the master assistants of the Students Assignment Help. Today, there's a lot of data about the net and furthermore sources in libraries. Themes identified with wellbeing give an incredible determination of decision. You may be keen on learning the absolute best preventive intercessions for a particular populace to reduce the commonness of heftiness among offspring of that gathering. </p> <h2> Details of Health Care Management Research Paper Topics </h2> <p>There are a few people that are seeking after their administration courses in different fields. The assortment of subjects you can pick expa nds every day because of the increase of morals issues in the business world. On the off chance that you concentrate in the business office, you will be gotten some information about the issues and thoughts connected to private ventures, explore different organizations, together with the conduct of the customers. In the event that an understudy intends to transform into a recognized creator of the wellbeing related writing, it's essential to choose a few significant social insurance explore issues and lead free concentrating to give new answers for the current issues. </p>

The Basics of Pratt Essay Samples

<h1> The Basics of Pratt Essay Samples</h1> <h2>Getting the Best Pratt Essay Samples </h2> <p>You should consolidate an individual expression for all of your subjects of evaluation. Choosing a brilliant point for your paper is among the most huge and every now and again precarious parts for some understudies. Point sentences unmistakably express the point of the section. See that the target of a powerful discourse is much the same as the reason for composing a contentious or influential exposition. </p> <p>The head thought of your whole exposition will be your theory explanation. The significant part which makes a powerful article in English stand apart from the rest of assignments is the utilization of thinking. Your passages don't associate each other's importance together with the full idea of your paper might be immense. The starting passage is maybe the primary section in the paper as it is the absolute first and perhaps last chance to deliver an impact on the peruser. </p> <h2>The One Thing to Do for Pratt Essay Samples </h2> <p>Writing is a current that easily falls into place. Understudies need to form papers dependent on the educator's directions or their favored style recorded as a hard copy. They ought not need to wear regalia. They ought not need to wear school garbs since they limit understudies' capacity to communicate their individuality.</p> <p>Begin with general subjects that you are acquainted with then tight down to a specific theme. Supporting subtleties must be introduced precisely too. </p> <p>As our gathering of journalists is very enormous, we generally have free essayists anxious to bring a sensible and generously compensated buy. So should you have to utilize school exposition essayist on the web, we're only the individuals that you need to contact. Indeed, a prepared essayist can carry out the responsibility a lot quicker than any understudy as they've been composing scholastic assignments during their whole life. While the case there are a couple of magnificent scholars in school some discover it amazingly hard to compose. </p> <p>Making the fulfillment of private money coursework a prerequisite for graduation would ensure that youngsters today are in any event mindful of the basics of keeping a budgetary security. Pratt s activities were somewhat productive. You may confide in us to gracefully master help for a large number of your scholarly composing needs. A snappy Google search with the terms composing progress'' will offer you bunches of dec isions to pick from so which you can print out a rundown that is directly for your child's age level. </p> <p>A more straightforward methods for composing has supplanted some run of the mill independent company phrases. Presently you can get certifiable school article on the web, one that is going to accommodate your money related arrangement and complete your work as well. While endeavoring to realize how to create an enticing article bit by bit, understudies disregard another essential movement. In such a condition, an understudy must choose an appropriate subject to expound on. </p> <p>So in the event that you have a paper allocated that you will require help with, you can buy exposition online modest from us. At our paper help, expositions are constantly conveyed in a concise second. An article incorporates three significant parts, 1. Regardless, your exposition will have the specific standard configuration and structure. </p> <p>To make a great short article, particularly during an assessment, you must be in a situation to hit the inquiry and offer a clear response while at the indistinguishable time watching the best possible structure of an exposition. Regardless of the subject, the structure is indistinguishable for any influential article. An exposition may have a ton of expectations, yet the major structure of all kind of articles will be same. There's no perfect arrangement on the most ideal approach to create a powerful paper. </p> <h2> The Appeal of Pratt Essay Samples</h2> <p>The most straightforward way to deal with get familiar with the kind of an exposition is to understand the author's perspective. Clearly, you shouldn't deliberately choose a subject that will exhaust your crowd. In the first place, it's critical to pick a subject that you're ready to stand firm for. Before recording the realities and models which you're probably going to handle, you should be al l around educated, above all else, about your theme. </p> <p>If you're now keeping watch for powerful exposition models on the web, you in all probability have a to some degree dubious thought on the most ideal approach to start composing. The sort of article you're searching for will be given to you inside the cutoff time gave to you. In the event that you might want to figure out how to make a respectable convincing article, you're glancing in the right spot! An influential article ought to have the option to snatch the enthusiasm of the people perusing it without any problem. </p>

How Does a Writer Go About Editing An Argumentative Essay?

<h1>How Does a Writer Go About Editing An Argumentative Essay?</h1><p>What should an author center around while altering a pugnacious exposition? This is the fundamental inquiry to be posed. There are a few responses to this essential inquiry. It is exceptionally pivotal to state what ought to be done and not done so as to complete the entire undertaking of altering a pugnacious essay.</p><p></p><p>One can feel that it is smarter to have a few papers which each contain alternate points of view about a specific subject. Obviously, the goal is to give a reasonable view about a specific issue. Yet, now and then it very well may be hard to get the correct equalization since we are not all, specialists in everything.</p><p></p><p>It is fundamental for us to peruse a few books or look at various conclusions or examinations that could assist us with settling on the best ones. A few perusers may discover this technique superfl uous, on the grounds that they can make up their own personalities dependent on their own understanding. It is a direct result of this explanation that there are different books that contain deals with different points. One can likewise peruse through the web to get extra data and investigations. We can likewise talk with a prepared proofreader to get a few pointers on the most proficient method to alter a contentious article, since he has just managed comparative issues in the past.</p><p></p><p>An pugnacious exposition requires an author to convey the data in a composed bit of paper with no blunders, and inside a time allotment. This is a basic prerequisite for the author, since he should deliver an intriguing piece. All in all, how does an author approach achieving this errand? The accompanying areas talk about what ought to be done and not done so as to have a fair essay.</p><p></p><p>The first thing that an author ought to do isto check for irregularities, missteps, or errors in his contentions. One ought not disregard any errors, as these can cause a negative effect on the general introduction of the archive. He ought to likewise check for irregularity by taking a gander at his sources.</p><p></p><p>Another significant part of composing a contentious exposition, particularly the one which incorporates numerous perspectives, is that the author should realize how to alter. A decent editorial manager is one who can keep up the harmony between two contradicting points of view. It is an expertise that will prove to be useful when he takes up the job of supervisor of a pugnacious article. In addition, he ought to have the option to convey the data in an intelligent and intriguing way. Various editors may be of the assessment that a paper is composed well, if the alternate points of view have a few contrasts in opinions.</p><p></p><p>Also, the subject of a factious e xposition should be known, with the goal that it tends to be found out what ought to be done and not done, so as to alter a pugnacious article. One ought to know about the idea of the contention, so as to figure out what the person can do. The distinction in sentiments could be a significant wellspring of contention, and a decent editorial manager can separate such clashes in a manner that there are no more and no not exactly an all out disarray about the issue.</p><p></p><p>A great supervisor can likewise assume an imperative job in altering a pugnacious article. At the point when the author can convey the data in a manner that is liberated from mistakes, a great editorial manager can assume a significant job in the nature of the completed work. The objective of this activity is to guarantee that the last item will be of an elevated expectation. It is in every case best to address a proofreader before completing a noteworthy altering work, with the goal that the individual can control the essayist in the privilege direction.</p>

Essay Writing Tips

<h1>Essay Writing Tips</h1><p>Writing a first year recruit secondary school exposition tests can be a great deal of fun. It's likewise a scary assignment for a youthful understudy. Here are some incredible tips on the best way to improve your paper writing.</p><p></p><p>If you're attempting to get into a particular school, at that point you ought to get ready for your school affirmations article by setting aside a great deal of additional effort to rehearse. Compose the same number of rookie secondary school paper tests as you can. In the event that you take a tad of additional opportunity to work on composing an article, at that point you can ensure that you'll have a vastly improved possibility of getting acknowledged into the school of your choice.</p><p></p><p>You should utilize exposition tests that have been recently distributed. On the off chance that you investigate a school application exposition, you'll see t hat these are the kinds of articles that a great deal of universities will require. It's a smart thought to search for school affirmations articles that have just been composed by different understudies. Along these lines, you can get a few thoughts from the models and improve your paper significantly.</p><p></p><p>Your guardians consistently revealed to you that in the event that you truly needed to get passing marks in school, at that point you needed to invest in a great deal of energy. On the off chance that your green bean secondary school article tests are not elegantly composed, at that point it's not likely that you'll have the option to meet the desires for your folks. Therefore, you should ensure that you do your absolute best to ensure that your exposition is probably the best model that they've ever seen.</p><p></p><p>High school understudies normally get great secondary school papers from their instructors, yet you must be set up to compose your very own good article. It's imperative to compose secondary school papers since it's a significant piece of your instructive profession. While secondary school understudies ordinarily don't get as much consideration as secondary school seniors, it's as yet worth investing the push to rehearse your article writing.</p><p></p><p>Make sure that you realize how to compose an exposition from the earliest starting point. This implies you should have the option to compose a presentation and end, however you additionally need to realize how to present each section. Each sentence needs to tell a story.</p><p></p><p>Writing paper tests can be truly baffling. One thing that you can do to help with this is to make plots. The blueprint will provide you some guidance about what you need to state and when you need to compose your essay.</p><p></p><p>An layout is an extraordinary method to monitor where you are in your composition. At the point when you figure you may have overlooked something or missed a stage, you can think back on your layout and discover precisely what you were doing at that point. Keep in mind, you're composing an exposition so you shouldn't miss anything significant and a framework will assist you with monitoring what you ought to be doing.</p>

AP Global Essay Samples For Students

AP Global Essay Samples For StudentsThere are many different AP Global Essay samples available online for use by students in college. These samples will help to illustrate some of the most common points of each essay type and help students in their preparation for AP exams.Students can download global essay samples from the USAP website. This website features essays on science, history, business, geography, and literature. Students can study these essays online and learn about different topics that they will encounter in the AP exam.The AP World History class, which is popular among college students, has four different chapters to examine. The first chapter is A Study of the Ancient World; the second chapter is A Study of the Modern World; the third chapter is AP US World History; and the fourth chapter is AP US World Civilization. Students can use the AP Global World History sample for practice and review. They can also download global essays online to use as practice for the AP exa m.Some students like to download global essays from the AP Global Writing Project. This project allows students to download and use essays written by other students. These essays were written using the Global Writing Test, which was developed by the AP U.S.A. The AP writing test assesses students' ability to write on a variety of topics.Other students choose to download global essays from the North American Sample Center. This site features essays from the United States of America, Canada, and Mexico. Students can download one essay or read through the entire collection.Students should always consult their AP teacher before downloading global essays from the internet. Students may find that their essays are not aligned with the content of the exam. These essays will need to be re-read by the student in order to make sure that they have not been amended or changed in any way. If students choose to download essays from the internet, they should always contact their AP teachers for gui dance before participating in a research paper or essay.In addition to the global essay sample, students can also access other AP global essay examples at their college bookstore. Bookshelves at libraries offer a number of different essay topics to help students prepare for the AP exam. Some of the most popular essays are from this year's world history, United States literature, and geography literature classes. Students can also browse books that feature literary essays written by famous authors, which often feature essays on world literature and topics in the United States.While taking an AP exam can be intimidating for many students, global essay samples can help make the exam more manageable. Students should be prepared for the exam and read multiple essay examples before writing their essays.

Topics to Write Research Paper on French History

Topics to Write Research Paper on French HistoryYou have studied, done research and you need to write research paper. Now, you may not know what subjects to write research paper on French history. While it may be easy to choose history of France in the World War II era, there are lots of other interesting topics that you can consider when writing your own essay.First, choose topics that you would enjoy or have researched before. This can also help you get a good grasp on the topic you choose. If you are like most people who find it tough to choose which subjects to write research paper on, I suggest you start by reading about your choice of subject. While reading, try to visualize yourself in front of the topic you want to write. Try to find the answers to questions such as what makes the topic interesting, why is it important to mention this topic at the beginning of your research and how would you answer this research question?The last thing that you should consider when writing a research paper on French history is your writing skills. Just like any other subject, if you are not able to make the topic interesting then it will be very difficult for you to get a good grade in your essay. You must learn to use effective essay writing skills that will make your topic interesting and will make it possible for you to be able to deliver an excellent research paper.Now that you have determined that there are indeed plenty of topics to write research paper on French history, it is time to start learning about the different subjects you can choose from. While there are some topics that may seem more interesting than others, it is still up to you which topic you will choose. Just remember that there are many options that you can choose from and you can just pick and choose the ones that you find interesting.Of course, topics to write research paper on French history are endless. There are many different subjects that you can choose from such as the French Revolution, N apoleon Bonaparte, world war, The Wars of the roses, American Revolution, Catholic and Protestant, European history, the Reformation, etc. You can go online and check the subjects that interest you and pick and choose which one fits your style of essay writing.Once you are done with your research, you can decide which topic that you want to write your essay on. Then you will just need to find out the sources that you need to cite. There are many resources that you can use but the best way to determine which ones are good is to find out which ones are written by successful writers.Learning how to research papers on French history is easy if you choose the right sources. You can find several resources on the Internet or in books. Just make sure that you are using credible sources so that you will be able to determine which source is reliable enough to cite properly.In conclusion, it is easy to choose topics to write research paper on French history. Just remember that you must researc h well before writing your essay and it is just as important to research well before writing your research paper on French history.

The Do This, Get That Guide On Sample Term Paper

The Do This, Get That Guide On Sample Term Paper Ruthless Sample Term Paper Strategies Exploited Do your homework even though the sample paper may have adequate information for writing your own, it's still suggested you do some research about it. You will have the ability to know the format you must follow when you read a sample term paper. You may use the sample for a template to compose your own paper. Great samples can permit you to easily master how to write term papers by yourself if used appropriately. Term Paper is among the most significant writing tasks. Term papers aren't the exact same as personal essays. Term papers account for the best proportion of your last grades, consequently, you should creatively use the ideas presented in the sample term paper to be able to create a piece that's unique for the best scores. They are among the most common essay types you need to handle. Ability to compose decent term papers is crucial for each and every student. There are lots of citations formats that are used for formatting academic papers in addition to scholarly term papers. Use the proper guidelines There are unique guidelines to writing a term paper and it's important that you follow them. It's quite helpful to go through a good example term paper, or two, before you commence writing your own, especially, if they're related or have similar topics. Nowadays it isn't difficult to receive a term paper on the web, because there are great number of services, which supply such opportunities. To start with, the medical care research papers topic must be somewhat appealing. Whenever you choose to ask us for expert help, don't hesitate to speak to our support managers. Ordering Examples of Term Papers Online Just since there is not anything wrong with getting tutorial help, there isn't anything wrong with seeking research help. Introducing Sample Term Paper Therefore, since you can see, it is truly worthwhile to check through samples. These samples will provide you with more insights about a sample term paper and links to refer to to be able to discover the best. Otherwise, you can elect for samples above in addition to check our tips. There are lots of samples featuring different styles and they'll enable you to use the most suitable style for your assignment. Therefore, it is possible to always read and reread an appropriate sample to boost your writing. Knowing the content of your paper will assist you in deciding upon the ideal sample to use. Try to remember that the sample will just offer guidance and not content for the paper, and that means you must know well in advance what you would like to handle. Much like in books advertised online, only certain parts of the paper is going to be exposed. From a good example term paper, you are able to learn many essential things. The major body of the expression paper could possibly be roughly 5 pages like main research points. A good example of term paper is the very best way to begin with your writing. Sample term papers ought to be strictly weighed side by side with the matter of plagiarism. Getting the Best Sample Term Paper Students are encouraged to begin considering the subject of their professional paper by the conclusion of their very first semester in the master's program. I n addition, they will need to integrate their knowledge across courses. Bear in mind that many of students might have to gain from your term paper. With a fantastic essay, a student pursuing biology has the capacity to execute well in school leading to better grades. You may also check on the standard of the greatest topic for term paper to get to understand the sort of professional services that we're speaking about. Every examples term paper, at our website, is intended to underline the high degree of professionalism our writers have and to clearly show their proficiency. Write without plagiarism Plagiarism is just one of the mistakes that lots of students as they might lack the most suitable skills for writing a superb paper.

Awareness For Mental Health Illnesses - 1526 Words

My goal for this project was to raise awareness for mental health illnesses. I wanted to bring this sensitive, yet common, issue to light. The subject of mental illness is unfortunately a taboo in many cultures and those who suffer from the extreme cases are ignored or they do not receive the proper treatment. Our community unfortunately struggles with stigma related to mental illness and disclosure of such a sensitive topic. I wanted to get the students of AIS/ACP to understand that mental illnesses are very common in our community and we should always help those suffering. As of March 2014, I attended a 4 weekend, 16-hour course for Youth Mental Health and got certified in Mental Health First Aid. I have been trained to provide initial help to young people experiencing mental health problems such as depression, anxiety disorders, psychosis, and substance use disorders. I was very fortunate to have Sr. Nassiba Cherif as my instructor and I stayed in touch with her even after the program. I was very interested in mental health, hence why I took the course. The course encouraged me to continue on the road of mental illnesses, and since I am already a certified first aider, I wondered why not spread my knowledge and raise awareness on this matter? As my sophomore year started, I was a tad confused about MYP as a whole, but thanks to Sr. Karina and Ms. Duso, they informed me about everything and in no time I started gathering information and writing in my journal. As I wasShow MoreRelatedThe Media Influences Public Attitude Essay1500 Words   |  6 PagesThe media, who influance the publics attitudes towards issues such as the mental health stigma, have the ability to determind individuals perceptions and opinions on important matters due to the way they present the information. 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He declared: Nearly 44 million American adults, and millions of children, experience mental health conditions each year, including depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and post-traumatic stress. This month, we renew our commitment to ridding ourRead MoreThe Effects Of Bipolar Disorder On Individuals, Families And Society1109 Words   |  5 PagesMental illness is a leading cause of disability in Canada. All Canadians are likely to be indirectly affected through a mental illness in a family, friend or colleague. Statistics showed that 1 in 5 Canadians experiences a mental health or addiction problem. (Mental Illness and Addictions: Facts and Statistics, n.d.). This report will be focusing on one of the more common mental illness — bipolar disorder. 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The paper will discuss my thoughts on mental illnesses as well as what exactly a mental illness is. I will begin telling where some of the stigma of someone suffering with a mental illness stems from. I will talk about how the media such as newspapers and national advertisements play a role in this stigma. I will give insight on some of the causes that may contribute

Does the Rome Statute Empower Individuals or Organisations to Trigger the Iccs Jurisdiction free essay sample

By looking at the provisions of the Rome Statute, the International Criminal Court founding treaty, this paper analyses the role of individuals and organisations in the functioning of the ICC. It argues that, although the ICC’s Prosecutor may decide to open an investigation, acting under his proprio motu powers, on the basis of communications and information he has received from them, individuals, groups, intergovernmental or nongovernmental organisations play no role in triggering the ICC’s jurisdiction rather than providing the mere communications and information on crimes within the jurisdiction of the ICC. I. Introduction The latest UN Report, purportedly written by a Group of Experts (GoE), is one of the sources that recently made the headlines about the DR Congo security crisis. In the report, the so-called Group of Experts submits that the Government of Rwanda has been assisting renegade soldiers (M23) in the recent rebel uprising in Eastern DRC through the provision of material and financial support. 2 1 2 The author of this paper graduated with a Master’s Degree from the University of Cape Town (UCT), where he specialised in Criminal Justice. He is currently serving as an Assistant to National Prosecutors in the Office of the Prosecutor General of Rwanda. His research interests include International Criminal Law, International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law. UN ‘The UN Report on DR Congo: A Response from Rwandan Scholars’ available online at http://www. allafrica. com, accessed on 17 October 2012 and MINAFFET, ‘Rwanda’s response to the allegations contained in the addendum to the Un Group of Experts interim report’ available online at http://www. minaffet. gov. rw accessed on 30 July 2012. Does the Rome Statute empower individuals or organisations to trigger the jurisdiction of the ICC? 2|2012 The story of an internal UN report, concluding that Rwanda was providing material support to the M23 rebels in the DRC, was broken for the first time by BBC on 28 May 2012. 3 It was triggered in different newspapers inter alia, New York Times and Financial Times. 4 Following that report, individuals and associations from Congo and opponents of Rwandan Government filed the complaints to the ICC’s Prosecutor on Friday, 17 August 2012. They asked to pursue Rwandan leaders over the alleged involvement in the ongoing rebellion in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Accordingly, this situation raises the issue of whether the ICC may exercises its jurisdiction pursuant to the complaints filed to the ICC’s Prosecutor by individual persons or organisations. Before looking at this legal issue, it is important to talk about the ICC’s jurisdiction and its trigger mechanisms. II. Background to the ICC The post-World War II Nuremberg and Tokyo tribunals to prosecute Nazi and Japanese leaders for crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity established precedent for other ad hoc international courts and tribunals, such as the International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia 5 and for Rwanda. 6 Additionally, the United Nations authorised the creation of a Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) to prosecute those with the greatest responsibility for serious violations of international humanitarian law and domestic law committed in the territory of Sierra Leone since November 3 4 5 6 BBC ‘Rwanda supporting DR Congo mutineers’ BBC, 28 May 2012, available online at http://hubert. Fennor. com/post/2012/05/28/Rwanda-supporting-DR-Congo-mutineers, accessed on 27 July 2012. Wallis, William ‘Congo probes claim of Rwandan role in violence’ Financial Times, 29 May 2012, available online at http://www. ft. com/intl/cms/s/0/fd0d525a-a998-11e1-977200144feabdc0. html-axzz1wHAdo5xy, accessed on 27 July 2012 and Kron, Josh ‘UNReport Says Rwandans Recruited to Fight in Congo. ’ The New York Times, 28 May 2012, available online at http://www. nytimes. com/2012/05/29/world/Africa/unOsaysOrwandansOrecruit edOtoOfightOinOcongo. tml, accessed on 27 July 2012. On 25th May 1993, the UN Security Council Resolution 827 (1993) established the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY). It had its precursors in UN Security Council Resolution 752, which asked parties to respect humanitarian law; UN Security Council Resolution 771, which condemned ethnic cleansing and demanded access by international observers; and UN Security Council Resolution 780, which requested the UN Secretary General to establish a Commission of Experts to investigate alleged violations of humanitarian law. The UN Security Council Resolution 935 (2004) asked the Secretary General to establish a Commission of Experts to examine the allegations of genocide and grave violations of international humanitarian law in Rwanda. After its investigation, the Commission recommended that an international tribunal be established to address the crimes. On November 8, 2004, the Security Council, in Resolution 955, established the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR). Does the Rome Statute empower individuals or organisations to trigger the jurisdiction of the ICC? |2012 30, 1996. 7 Separate judicial mechanisms have also been set up for cases involving East Timor (Timor-Leste) and Cambodia. Further, the U. N. Security Council authorised the establishment of a Special International Tribunal for Lebanon in 2007, which began functioning in March 2009. These courts and tribunals are distinct from the International Criminal Court (ICC). While established by the UN Security Council to address all egations of crimes against humanity in various countries, these tribunals were casespecific, limited in jurisdiction, and temporary. By contrast, the ICC was established by multilateral treaty and is a permanent, international criminal tribunal. The Rome Statute which created the ICC entered into force on 1 July 2002 after ratification by 60 countries. 8 It was established to help end impunity for the perpetrators of the most serious crimes of concern to the international community, namely war crimes, crimes against humanity, the crime of aggression and genocide 9 if national authorities with jurisdiction are unwilling or unable to do so genuinely. 0 By ratifying the Rome Statute, the International Criminal Court’s founding treaty, a State agrees that it has the duty to investigate and prosecute the crimes included in the Rome Statute. 11 It also agrees that should it fail to do so, the ICC may open an investigation 12, if the situation fulfils all jurisdictional requirements. These requirements include the temporal (that the crimes in 7 8 9 10 11 12 The Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL), a hybrid international-domestic court based in Sierra Leone’s capital, Freetown, was set up jointly by the Government of Sierra Leone and the United Nations under Security Council Resolution 1315 (2000). There are, at this time of writing, 121 State parties to the ICC. See the ICC official website ‘The States Parties to the Rome Statute available online at http://www. icc cpi. int/en_menus/asp/states%20parties/Pages/the%2 0states, accessed on 10 November 2012. See the art. 5 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. The first review conference of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC), held between 31 May and 11 June 2011 in Kampala, ended with a major amendment incorporating a definition of crime of aggression into the Statute. The amendment will come into force a year after ratification of 30 State parties. However, the exercise of jurisdiction will only be possible after 1 January 2017, if States parties take such a decision at the next review conference. See art. 5(2), 8bis, 15bis and 15ter of the Rome Statute. See the art. 17(1) (a) of the Rome Statute. Art. 12 (1) of the Rome Statute. The Court’s Statute is based on the principle of complementarity, ‘a principle that ensures that the Court does not usurp the primary responsibility of states to deal with the crimes that also fall under the jurisdiction of the Court. ’ This implies that the ICC is a court of last resort. In the other words, the ICC’s effectiveness is subject to the unwillingness or ineffectiveness of national criminal systems. Quoted from Lynn Gentile ‘Understanding the International Criminal Law’ in Max du Plessis African Guide to International Criminal Law, ISS Publisher, Pretoria, 2008, p. 9. Does the Rome Statute empower individuals or organisations to trigger the jurisdiction of the ICC? 4|2012 question occurred after July 1, 2002 or after the date in which the Statute entered into effect for the territory in question) and the material (crimes against humanity, genocide, crime of aggression and war crimes). Further, the Court has jurisdiction only over te rritories and nationals of States parties, unless the situation comes to the attention of the Court through the United Nations Security Council. Although the ICC’s prosecutions have been praised by human rights advocates, the perception that the Court has focused on Africa and the ICC Prosecutor’s choice of cases to investigate have been controversial among leaders and commentators on the African continent. The ICC’s investigations in Africa have raised concerns over African sovereignty, in part due to the long history of foreign intervention on the continent. Some observers have praised the ICC’s investigations in Africa as a crucial step against impunity on the continent, but the ICC’s actions have also provoked debates over the court’s potential impact, its perceived prioritisation of Africa over other regions, its selection of cases, and the potential effect of prosecutions on peace processes. Notably, critics have accused the ICC of potentially jeopardising political settlements that may keep the peace in the pursuit of an often abstract justice. 13 Surprisingly, its selective justice has targeted so far only alleged criminal leaders who don’t serve Western interests on the continent. 4 To date, the Office of the ICC’s Prosecutor (OTP) has published the conclusions of its preliminary examination into alleged crimes committed in Iraq 15 and Venezuela 16 dismissing the cases on grounds that the statutory requirements needed to open an investigation had not been satisfied. However, the Office of the Prosecutor is currently investigating in seven African countries n amely, The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Uganda, the Darfur region of Sudan, Central African Republic (CAR), Kenya, Libya and Ivory Coast. This attitude 13 14 5 16 In its 2010 July Summit in Kampala, Uganda, African Union (AU) decided not to cooperate with the ICC and rejected the opening of an ICC liaison office in the Ethiopian capital, Addis Ababa; and criticises the conduct of the ICC Prosecutor on the basis that he â€Å"has been making egregiously unacceptable, rude and condescending statements in the case against President al-Bashir and other situations in Africa. See, Assembly of the African Union, ‘Decision on the Progress Report of the Commission on the Implementation of Decision Assembly/AU/Dec. 70 (XIV) on the Second Ministerial Meeting on the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC),’ Assembly/AU/Dec. 296 (XV), Kampala, July 27, 2010, paras. 5, 8 and 9. See the cases of President Bashir of Sudan and Late President of Libya Muammar Moham med Abu Minyar Gaddafi. Lynn Gentile supra note 13, p. 111. Idem, p. 112. Does the Rome Statute empower individuals or organisations to trigger the jurisdiction of the ICC? 5|2012 has made many African leaders and analysts see in ICC, an international judicial instrument aimed at protecting only capitalist interests by targeting African leaders who are formally against these interests. Thus, this paper will look at the role of organisations in the functioning of the ICC, following the recent complaints filed to the ICC’s Prosecutor by different associations of Congolese people and the so-called opponents of the Government of Rwanda. This situation raises the issue of whether the ICC may exercise its jurisdiction pursuant to the referral of individual persons or associations. But, before examining this issue, it is worthwhile to look first, at the trigger mechanisms of the ICC’s jurisdiction. III. The trigger mechanisms of the ICCs jurisdiction Under the provisions of the Rome Statute, the ICC can exercise jurisdiction over crimes if one of the following conditions is met: (i)a State Party refers a situation to the ICC; (ii) the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), acting under Chapter VII, refers a situation to the ICC; (iii) a Country that is not a State Party to the Statute lodges a declaration pursuant to article 12 (3) accepting the jurisdiction of the Court and (iv)the ICC’s Prosecutor decides to open an investigation acting under his proprio motu powers, on the basis of communications and information he has received from individuals, groups, States, intergovernmental or non-governmental organizations. These are trigger mechanisms of the ICC’s jurisdiction. Thus, this section considers the above mechanisms of triggering the ICC’s jurisdiction. Further, it analyses situations which were referred to the ICC’s Prosecutor by way of each mechani sm. 1. State Party referral According to the art. 13 (a) of the Rome Statute, ‘the Court may exercise its jurisdiction with respect to a crime referred to in article 5 in accordance with the provisions of this Statute if: (a) [a] situation in which one or more of such crimes appears to have been committed is referred to the Prosecutor by a State Party in accordance with article 14†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 17 17 Art. Article 14 of the Rome Statute states: (1) A State Party may refer to the Prosecutor a situation in which one or more crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court appear to have been committed requesting the Prosecutor to investigate the situation for the purpose of determining whether one or more specific persons should be charged with the commission of such crimes. (2) As far as possible, a referral shall specify the relevant circumstances and be accompanied by such supporting documentation as is available to the State referring the situation. Does the Rome Statute empower individuals or organisations to trigger the jurisdiction of the ICC? 6|2012 In the light of the provisions of art. 13 (a) and 14 of the Rome Statute, it is evident that State party referral is the main trigger mechanism of the jurisdiction of the ICC under the Rome Statute. By way of this referral mechanism, only State Parties to the Rome Statute may trigger the jurisdiction of the Court. In the first three years of the ICC, the Office of the Prosecutor has received three referrals from States Parties namely, Uganda, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and the Central African Republic (CAR), each referring situations in its own territory. The following sub-sections analyse briefly each referral. a) Uganda’s referral The Government of Uganda, a party to the ICC, referred ‘the situation concerning the Lord’s Resistance Army’ to the ICC in 2003. 18 The Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) is a rebel group that has fought for over two decades in northern Uganda. In October 2005, the ICC unsealed arrest warrants, the first issued by the Court, for LRA leader Joseph Kony and commanders Vincent Otti, Okot Odhiambo, Dominic Ongwen, and Raska Lukwiya. 9 The Prosecutor accused the LRA of establishing ‘a pattern of brutalisation of civilian’, including murder, forced abduction, sexual enslavement, and mutilation, amounting to crimes agai nst humanity and war crimes. 20 Kony is wanted for 12 counts of crimes against humanity, including murder, enslavement, sexual enslavement, rape, and â€Å"inhumane acts,† and 21 counts of war crimes, including murder, cruel treatment of civilians, directing an attack against a civilian population, pillaging, inducing rape, and the forced enlistment of children. The other LRA commanders are accused of crimes against humanity and war crimes. 21 None of the suspects are in custody. Lukwiya and Otti have reportedly been killed since the warrants were issued, while other LRA commanders are thought to be in neighboring countries. The Prosecutor is also reportedly investigating actions by the Ugandan military in northern Uganda. 18 19 20 21 Payam Akhavan, ‘The Lord’s Resistance Army Case: Uganda’s Submission of the First State Referral to the International Criminal Court’ (2005) 99 2 The American Journal of International Law 405-406. ICC Press Release, ‘Warrant of Arrest Unsealed against Five LRA Commanders’ 14October 2005, available online at http://www. icc-cpi. int, accessed on 12 November 2012. See the ICC Press Release supra note 19. Idem. Does the Rome Statute empower individuals or organisations to trigger the jurisdiction of the ICC? 7|2012 ) DRC’s referral The Democratic Republic of Congo government referred the situation of crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court allegedly committed anywhere in the territ ory of the DRC to the Prosecutor in April 2004. 22 Despite the end of a five year civil war in 2003 and the holding of national elections in 2006, DRC continues to suffer from armed conflict, particularly in the eastern regions of this country. The ICC has issued four arrest warrants in its first DRC investigation, which focuses on the eastern Congolese district of Ituri, where an interethnic war erupted in June 2003. 23 Two suspects namely, Thomas Lubanga Dyilo and Germain Katanga are in custody. Other two suspects namely, Bosco Ntaganda 24 and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui 25 remain at large. A second investigation focuses on sexual crimes and other abuses committed in the eastern provinces of North and South Kivu. Two cases have been made public in connection with the Kivu’s investigation; one suspect was arrested in France in October 2010. 26 Another suspect remains also at large. 27 22 23 24 25 26 27 ICC’s Office of the Prosecutor Press Release, ‘Prosecutor Receives Referral of the Situation in the Democratic Republic of Congo’, 19 April 2004, available online at http://www. icccpi. int accessed on 23 November 2012. ICC ‘Situation in Democratic Republic of the Congo’ available online at http://www. icccpi. int/EN_Menus/ICC/Situations%20and%20Cases/Situations/Situation%20ICC%200104 /Pages/situation%20index. aspx, accessed on 11 December 2012. Bosco Ntaganda is allegedly criminally responsible under article 25(3)(a) of the Rome Statute for: Seven counts of war crimes: enlistment of children under the age of 15, conscription of children under the age of 15, using children under the age of 15 to participate actively in hostilities; murder, attacks against the civilian population, rape and sexual slavery, and pillaging; and Three counts of crimes against humanity: murder, rape and sexual slavery, and persecution. On 18 December 2012, Trial Chamber II of the International Criminal Court (ICC) acquitted Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui of the charges of war crimes and crimes against humanity. The Chamber ordered the Registrar to take the necessary measures to release Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui. Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, a Congolese national, was charged with three counts of crimes against humanity and seven counts of war crimes allegedly committed in the context of an armed conflict in Ituri, during the attack against the Bogoro village on 24 Feb ruary 2003. On 12 October 2010, Callixte Mbarushimana, a Rwandan national in exile of the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR) militia, was arrested in France, where he was living as a refugee, following the ICC’ judges issuance of sealed warrant for the arrest of him on 28 September 2010. Sylvestre Mudacumura, Alleged Supreme Commander of the Forces Democratiques pour la Liberation du Rwanda (FDLR). The Pre-Trial Chamber II issued a warrant of arrest against him on 13 July 2012. Mudacumura is allegedly criminally responsible for committing nine counts of war crimes (attacking civilians, murder, mutilation, cruel treatment, rape, torture, destruction of property, pillaging and outrages against personal dignity), from 20 January 2009 to the end of September 2010, in the context of the conflict in the Kivus, in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Does the Rome Statute empower individuals or organisations to trigger the jurisdiction of the ICC? 8|2012 c) CAR’s referral The government of Central African Republic (CAR), a party to the ICC, referred the situation of crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court committed anywhere on its territory to the ICC Prosecutor in January 2005. 28 In this situation, ICC issued a sealed warrant of arrest against a DRC national, Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo. Bemba was arrested in Belgium in May 2008 and turned over to the ICC in July 2008. 29 In June 2009, a panel of ICC judges confirmed three charges of war crimes and two charges of crimes against humanity for alleged rape, murder, and pillaging. 0 The warrant alleged that as commander of the Movement for the Liberation of Congo (MLC), one of two main DRC rebel groups during that country’s civil war (1998-2003), Bemba had overseen systematic attacks on civilians in CAR territory between October 2002 and March 2003. Bemba’s MLC , based in the DRC’s north, allegedly committed these abuses after it was invited into CAR by the President Ange-Felix Patasse to help quell a rebellion. The rebellion, led by Francois Bozize, was successful, and Bozize took control of CAR in 2003. Bozize’s government then initiated the ICC referral. 31 The charges hinge on the question of command responsibility: the Prosecutor contends that Bemba personally managed the MLC, stayed in constant contact with combatants, and was well informed about the group’s activities in CAR. Bemba’s trial opened on 22 November 2010. 2. The UN Security Council referral Art. 3 (b) of the Rome Statute provides that ‘[t]he Court may exercise its jurisdiction with respect to a crime referred to in article 5 in accordance with the provisions of this Statute if: (b) [a] situation in which one or more of such crimes appears to have been committed is referred to the Prosecutor by the Security Council acting under Chapter VI I of the Charter of the United Nations†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 28 29 30 31 ICC’s Office of the Prosecutor Press Release, ‘Prosecutor Receives Referral Concerning Central African Republic’, 7 January 2005, available online at http://www. icc-cpi. int accessed on 23 November 2012. Bemba had been the leading challenger to incumbent President Joseph Kabila in DRC’s 2006 presidential election, and was elected to the Congolese legislature in January 2007. He subsequently went into exile in Europe following armed clashes with security forces loyal to Kabila. ICC Pre-Trial Chamber II, ‘Decision Pursuant to Article 61(7)(a) and (b) of the Rome Statute on the Charges of the Prosecutor Against Jean Pierre Bemba Gombo’, 15June 2009, available online at http://www. icc-cpi. int accessed on 23 November 2012. Congressional Research Service International Criminal Court cases in Africa: status and policy issues (2011) Report for members and committees of congress, p. 24. Does the Rome Statute empower individuals or organisations to trigger the jurisdiction of the ICC? 9|2012 This provision empowers the UN Security Council to trigger the jurisdiction of the ICC. Certainly, the UN Security Council, through its mandate in the UN Charter pursuant to the Chapter VII, has always had a primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. Indeed, it was through Security Council Resolutions, 827 and 955 respectively, that the ICTY and the ICTR were established. The UN Security Council’s mandated power to resolve conflicts through use of force gives its preeminence over all existing international mechanisms in matters related to armed conflict and international humanitarian law. It has always been clear, then, that the UN Security Council would have a key role in any evolving permanent criminal court. By way of this trigger mechanism of the UN Security Council referral, two situations have been referred to the ICC’s Prosecutor, namely, the situation in Darfur and the situation in Libya. President Omar Hassan al-Bashir is one of individuals sought by the ICC in these situations. He is accused of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide in Darfur. 32 It is the first attempt by the ICC to pursue a sitting Head of State. 33 The case has drawn praise from advocates but inspired a backlash among African States, which were previously supportive of the Court. Like Libya, Sudan is not a party to the ICC, and the jurisdiction was granted through a United Nations Security Council resolution. ) The Situation of Darfur in Sudan In September 2004, the Security Council had established an International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur under Resolution 1564, maintaining that the Sudanese government had not met its obligations under previous Resolutions. In January 2005, the Commissi on reported that it had compiled a confidential list of potential war crimes suspects and strongly recommended that the Security Council refer the situation to the ICC. 34 In 2005, the UN Security Council referred the situation in Darfur to the ICC Prosecutor. Following the referral, the ICC Prosecutor received the document archive of the Commission of Inquiry and the Commission’s sealed list of individuals suspected of committing serious abuses in Darfur, though this list 32 33 34 Decision on the Prosecutor’s application for a warrant of arrest against Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir No ICC-02/05-01/09-1 of 4 March 2009, unreported. Available online at http://www. icc-cpi. int, accessed on 11 December 2012. Idem. UN Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur to the United Nations Secretary-General pursuant to Security Council Resolution 1564 of 18 September 2004 (2004) available online at http://www. un. org , accessed on 10 December 2012. Does the Rome Statute empower individuals or organisations to trigger the jurisdiction of the ICC? 10|2012 was not binding on the selection of suspects. The Office of the Prosecutor initiated its own investigation in June 2005. The Sudanese government also created its own special courts for Darfur in an apparent effort to stave off the ICC’s jurisdiction; however, the courts’ efforts have been widely criticized as insufficient. On 31 March 2005, the UN Security Council, acting under Chapter VII of the UN Charter, adopted Resolution 1593 (2005), which referred reports about the situation in Darfur, Sudan to the ICC Prosecutor. Currently, three warrants of arrest have been issued against officials of Sudan. Among the suspects of the crimes committed in Darfur, there are Ahammad Muhammad Harun (Ahmad Harun) 35, Ali Muhammad Ali Abd-Al-Rahman (Ali Kushayb) 36 and the current President of Sudan, Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir (Omar Al Bashir). On the side of the rebel movements, there are Bahar Idriss Abu Garda 37, Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain 38 and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus. 39 b) The situation in Libya The situation in Libya was referred to the ICC Prosecutor by the United Nations Security Council, through the unanimous adoption of Resolution 1970 on 26 February 2011. On 3 March 2011, the ICC Prosecutor decided to open an investigation and requested, on 16 May 2011, the issuance of the arrest warrants. On 27 June 2011, following the Prosecutor’s request, the Pre-Trial Chamber I issued three warrants of arrest respectively for Libyan leader, late Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi, his eldest son Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi and Abdullah Al? Senussi who was the head of military intelligence in Libya (and Gaddafi’s brother in law). All three are accused for crimes against humanity (murder and persecution) allegedly committed across Libya from 15 February 35 36 37 38 39 The former Minister of State for the Interior of the Government of Sudan and the Minister of State for Humanitarian affairs of Sudan. He is currently Governor of South Kordofan region of Sudan since his appointment in May 2009. See ICC ‘Information sheet on the case No ICC-02/05-01/07 Prosecutor v. Ahammad Muhammad Harun (Ahmad Harun) and Ali Muhammad Ali Abd-Al-Rahman (Ali Kushayb), available online at http://www. icc-cpi. nt [Accessed 01 September 2011. He is the so- called leader of the Janjaweed Militia since august 2003 to March 2004. See the the ICC’s information sheet, supra note 35. The Chairman and General Coordinator of military operations of the United Resistance Front The Commander in Chief of Justice and Equity Movement (JEM ). Ex-Chief of Staff SLA- Unity and subsequently incorporated in JEM. Does the Rome Statute empower individuals or organisations to trigger the jurisdiction of the ICC? 11|2012 2011 until at least 28 February 2011, through the State apparatus and Security Forces. 40 As it was previously argued, there are similarities with the situation in Darfur. In both cases the head of State of a non-party to the Rome Statute is subject to an arrest warrant after a Security Council referral. 3. Acceptance of the court’s jurisdiction This mechanism was designed to allow the non State Parties to the Rome Statute to trigger the jurisdiction of the ICC. Indeed, article12 (3) of the Rome Statute outlines the ways in which non States can accept the exercise of jurisdiction by the Court with respect to the situation in question. A non State party may consent to the court’s jurisdiction by means of a declaration. Such a declaration may be general, or subject to limitations regarding the crimes involved or the time period covered. This mechanism was conceived, as explained in the commentary to the draft statute, ‘to facilitate acceptance of the Rome Statute as a whole and in individual cases. ’ 41 In practice, this means that a State’s becoming party to the Statute for a specific period and specific crimes does not entail automatic acceptance of the court’s jurisdiction over all crimes listed in the Rome Statute. Ivory Coast is the first non State party which has accepted the jurisdiction of the ICC by means of this mechanism. Ivory Coast accepted the jurisdiction of the Court as of 19 September 2002 and submitted its declaration on 1 October 2003. Resultantly, the ICC is currently investigating in Ivory Coast for the crimes committed in this country. The former President Laurent Gbagbo is currently in custody. Laurent Gbagbo allegedly bears individual criminal responsibility, as indirect co-perpetrator, for four counts of crimes against humanity: a) murder, b) rape and other sexual violence, c) persecution and d) other inhuman acts, allegedly committed in the context of post-electoral violence in the territory of Cote d’Ivoire between 16 December 2010 and 12 April 2011. 40 41 ICC’s Press Release ‘ICC Prosecutor: Gaddafi used his absolute authority to commit crimes in Libya’ 16 May 2011, available online at http://www. icc-cpi. int/Menus/Go? id=1365e3b78152-4456-942c-a5cd5a51e829lan=en-GB, accessed on 03 December 2012. Rebecca Russell International Criminal Court: Finding justice for victims, ending impunity for perpetrators, World Vision Publications, California, 2002, p. 20. Does the Rome Statute empower individuals or organisations to trigger the jurisdiction of the ICC? 12|2012 Further, the ICC issued under seal the warrant of arrest against Simone Gbagbo, the former first lady of Ivory Coast on 29 February 2012. The warrant was unsealed 22 November 2012. 42 Simone Gbagbo allegedly bears individual criminal responsibility, as indirect co-perpetrator, for four counts of crimes against humanity: a) murder, b) rape and other sexual violence, c) persecution and d) other inhuman acts, allegedly committed in the context of post-electoral violence in the territory of Cote d’Ivoire between 16 December 2010 and 12 April 2011. 4. Referral by the Prosecutor acting Proprio Motu Art. 3 (c) of the Rome statute empowers the Prosecutor of the ICC to trigger the jurisdiction of the ICC. The article states that ‘[t]he Court may exercise its jurisdiction with respect to a crime referred to in article 5 in accordance with the provisions of this Statute if: (c ) [t]he Prosecutor has initiated an investigation in respect of such a crime in accordance with article 15. ’ In the light of art. 13(c) and 15 of the Rome Statute, the Prosecutor may initiate investigations proprio motu on the basis of information on crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court. In this regards, the Prosecutor of the ICC, acting proprio motu, referred the situation in Kenya to the Court. Controversy within Africa has erupted over the ICC attempts to prosecute senior Kenyan officials in connection with that country’s post-election violence of 2007-2008 in which over 1,000 individuals were killed and a range of other abuses, including sexual violence, were allegedly committed.. 43 The Prosecutor’s request to open an investigation in Kenya was approved by ICC judges in March 2010. Kenya is a party to the ICC, but it is the first instance in which ICC judges have authorised an investigation based on a recommendation from the Prosecutor, as opposed to a state referral or U. N. Security Council directive. On 15December 2010, the Prosecutor presented two cases, against a total of six individuals, for alleged crimes against humanity. The Prosecutor has applied to ICC judges for summonses, rather than arrest warrants, stating that he believes summonses are sufficient to ensure the suspects’ appearance before the Court. The suspects named in the first case are William Ruto, 42 43 Warrant of Arrest for Simone Gbagbo No ICC-02/11-01/12, 29 February2012, available online at http://www. icc-cpi. int/iccdocs/doc/doc1344439. pdf, accessed on 11 December 2012. Mba Chidi Nmaju ‘Violence in Kenya: Any Role for the ICC in the Quest for Accountability? ’ (2009) 3 African Journal of Legal Studies 78 at 80. Does the Rome Statute empower individuals or organisations to trigger the jurisdiction of the ICC? 13|2012 Member of Parliament and former Minister of Education; Henry Kosgey, Minister of Industrialization; and Joshua Arap Sang, a radio journalist. Those named in the second case are Francis Muthaura, head of the public service, secretary to the Cabinet, and chairman of the National Security Advisory Committee; Uhuru Kenyatta, deputy prime minister and minister of finance; and Mohamed Hussein Ali, former commissioner of the Kenyan police. The suspects in the first case are associated with Prime Minister Raila Odinga, while those in the second case are associated with President Mwai Kibaki. Odinga has expressed support for ICC involvement, while Kibaki has criticized it and called for trials to be held within Kenya instead. Although the Republic of Kenya is a State Party to the Court and initially supported ICC engagement, some fear the prosecutions could be destabilizing. On 10 December 2012, Kenyan chief justice Willy Mutunga announced the establishment of a special division of the High Court to try cases stemming from the 2007-08 bloodshed, as well as other crimes under international law. The chief justice said the International Crimes Division was needed because Kenya’s security, stability and economy was ‘mortally threatened’ by international-scale crimes. 44 The new judicial division will employ the International Crimes Act, a domestic version of the Rome Statute which underpins the ICC. Kenya passed the act in 2009, but it has not so far been applied to crimes committed during the postelection violence, since it was not in force at the time. However, there has been a groundswell of support for a mechanism to deal with these crimes. These bring me to the analysis of the role of individual persons and organisations in the work of the ICC. IV. The role of individuals and organisations in the functioning of the ICC The International Criminal Courts founding treaty, the Rome Statute, provides that individuals or organisations may submit information on crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court. 45 These submissions are referred to as ‘communications’ or complaints to the Office of the Prosecutor (OTP). As the end of 2011, the Office had considered information on crimes from numerous sources including open sources and ‘communications. ’ 9,332 ‘communications’ 44 45 Simon Jennings, ‘Kenyan Chief Justice Announces Special Court’ available online at http://iwpr. net/report-news/kenyan-chief-justice-announces-special-court, accessed on 11 December 2012. Art. 15 of the Rome Statute. Does the Rome Statute empower individuals or organisations to trigger the jurisdiction of the ICC? 14|2012 were received pursuant to article 15 of the Statute, of which 4,316 were manifestly outside the jurisdiction of the Court. 46 As it was stated previously, Congolese and Rwandan groups opposed to the Republic of Rwanda asked the International Criminal Court to pursue Rwandan leaders over the so-called war crimes committed in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Indeed, these complaints may be considered as communications, as the Rome Statute does not specify what the communication should contain. The Office of the Prosecutor analyses all communications received and the extent of the analysis is affected by the detail and substantive nature of the information available. If the available information does not provide sufficient guidance for an analysis that could lead to a determination that there is a reasonable basis to proceed, the analysis is concluded and the sender informed. However, communications from individuals or organisations should not be confused with referrals from States Parties or the United Nations Security Council. In this regards, William Schabas points out that, International organisations, individuals [and] non-governmental organisations †¦ are given no formal recognition with respect to initiating proceedings. However, in practice, all of them are likely to establish contact with the Prosecutor and attempt to persuade him or her to take action. ’ 47 In accordance with Article 15 (2) of the Rome Statute, the duty of the ICC’s Prosecutor is to analyse information received on potential crimes, in order to determine whether there is a reasonable basis to proceed with an investigation. Unlike a national prosecutor, who may initiate an investigation on the basis of very limited information, the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court is governed by the relevant regime under the Rome Statute. Under this regime, his responsibility is to carry out a preliminary phase of gathering and analysing information, after which he may seek to initiate an investigation only if the relevant criteria of the Statute are satisfied. 48 46 47 48 OTP-ICC, ‘Communications, Referrals and Preliminary Examinations’ available online at http://www. icc-cpi. int/Menus/Go? id=da143d8f-eb36-4f87-9818-1a6891956160lan=enGB, accessed on 10 December 2012. William A. Schabas An introduction to the International Criminal Court, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambrige, 2004, p. 120. OTP-ICC, ‘The response of ICC’s Prosecutor to Iraq communications’ 9 February 2006, available online at http://www. icc-cpi. int, accessed on 03 December 2012. Does the Rome Statute empower individuals or organisations to trigger the jurisdiction of the ICC? 15|2012 The Prosecutor is required to consider three factors. First, he must consider whether the available information provides a reasonable basis to believe that a crime within the jurisdiction of the Court has been or is being committed. 49 Where this requirement is satisfied, he must then consider admissibility before the Court, in light of the requirements relating to gravity and complementarity with national proceedings. 50 Third, if these factors are positive, he must give consideration to the interests of justice. 51 Systematic analysis of these questions can take time. Using the limited powers at its disposal in the analysis phase, the Office of the Prosecutor seeks to collect information until it is possible to determine that there is, or is not, a reasonable basis to proceed with an investigation in accordance with the criteria of the Statute. Where the requirements are satisfied, he submits to a Pre-Trial Chamber of the Court a request for authorisation to initiate an investigation. Where the requirements are not satisfied, he informs those who provided the information. From the above discussions, it is clear that individual persons or organisations, as it is the case of Congolese and Rwandan groups, are not empowered to trigger the ICC‘s jurisdiction. They may only provide communications and information to the Prosecutor of the ICC who has the duty to analyse these communications before taking further actions. V. Concluding remarks Under the provisions of the Rome Statute of the ICC, only States, the UN Security Council and the Prosecutor’s Office would be able to initiate proceedings before the Court. Pursuant to art. 14, a State could file a complaint alleging that crimes within the jurisdiction of the ICC have been committed if it is a party to the Statute. A complaint could be also filed by a non State party to the Statute which has also accepted the Court’s jurisdiction with respect to the particular crime. In each case, the Statute provides that the complaint shall, as far as possible, specify the circumstances of the alleged crime, the identity and whereabouts of the suspect and be accompanied by supporting documentation available to the Complainant State. 52 49 50 51 52 Art. 53 (1) (a) of the Rome Statute. Art. 53 (1) (b) of the Rome Statute. Art 53 (1) (c) of the Rome Statute. For more information about the interest of justice, see the ICC-OTP ‘Policy Paper on the Interest of Justice’ September 2007, available online at http://www. icc-cpt. int, accessed on 09/12/2012. Art. 14 of the Rome Statute. Does the Rome Statute empower individuals or organisations to trigger the jurisdiction of the ICC? 16|2012 For individuals and organisations in general, they are not formally recognised to initiate the ICC’s proceedings. They are only authorised to provide communications and information to the Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (OTP-ICC). This implies that, individuals and organisations cannot trigger the jurisdiction of the ICC in the form of States and the UN Security Council. Back to the complaints from Congolese groups and opponents Rwandan groups, it is clear that these complaints are simple communications and information which will be analysed by the ICC’s Prosecutor with possibility to be rejected because they do not meet the requirements of the Statute. 53 REFERENCES A. Schabas, William An introduction to the International Criminal Court, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambrige, 2004, p. 120. Akhavan, Payam, ‘The Lord’s Resistance Army Case: Uganda’s Submission of the First State Referral to the International Criminal Court’ (2005) 99 2 The American Journal of International Law 405. Assembly of the African Union, ‘Decision on the Progress Report of the Commission on the Implementation of Decision Assembly/AU/Dec. 270 (XIV) on the Second Ministerial Meeting on the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC),’ Assembly/AU/Dec. 296 (XV), Kampala, 27 July 2010. BBC ‘Rwanda supporting DR Congo mutineers’ BBC, 28 May 2012, available online at http://hubert. Fennor. om/post/2012/05/28/Rwanda-supportinDR-Congo-mutineers, accessed on 27 July 2012. Congressional Research Service, International Criminal Court cases in Africa: status and policy issues, Report for members and committees of congress, 2011. Decision on the Prosecutor’s application for a warrant of arrest against Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir No ICC-02/05-01/09-1 of 4 March 2009, unreported. Available online at http://www. icc-cpi. int, accessed on 11 December 2012. Gentile, Lynn ‘Understanding the International Criminal Law’ in Max du Plessis African Guide to International Criminal Law, ISS Publisher, Pretoria, 2008. 53 For more details about the requirements of the Statute, see art. 53 of the Rome Statute. Does the Rome Statute empower individuals or organisations to trigger the jurisdiction of the ICC? 17|2012 ICC ‘Information sheet on the case No ICC-02/05-01/07 Prosecutor v. Ahammad Muhammad Harun (Ahmad Harun) and Ali Muhammad Ali Abd-Al-Rahman (Ali Kushayb), available online at http://www. icc-cpi. int [Accessed 01 September 2011. ICC ‘Situation in Democratic Republic of the Congo’ available online at http://www. icc-cpi. int/EN_Menus/ICC/Situations%20and%20Cases/ Situations/Situation%20ICC%200104/Pages/situation%20index. aspx, accessed on 11 December 2012. ICC ‘The States Parties to the Rome Statute available online at http://www. icc cpi. int/en_menus/asp/states%20parties/Pages/the%2